Lachish Texts (1400-587 BCE)
For translation methodology see: How to Translate Alphabetic Akkadian Texts
Embedded Files
Minoan Linear A Ivory Comb Text from Lachish Israel (1400 BCE)
Minoan Linear A Ivory Comb Text from Lachish Israel (1400 BCE)
(November 21, 2022) This more ancient comb from the other end of the Druid civilization also mentions emotions.
Akkadian Text in Minoan Linear A Letter Style
(Read right to left. Capital letters on object. Small letters are inferred Inner vowels. Verb is italic bold)- [ ] Gi
- Qu AKu [ 2 ]P Ḫi - (P has no vertical handle, Ḫi is more image based than normal for this time and likely is the missing Phaistos Disk version)
- ŠiGi ṢMa Qu Ki Qi‘u Nu - (notice the small vertical line on the Ṣ which is a merger of Linear A styles)
Text Translated into English
- ……. emotional-energy
- Life-threads, emotion-owls [2 unreadable words ] Hu-powers
- Conflict is dehydrating the threads which involves envy of the Revealer (Yahu)
Shin (Ṣ) and Sade (Š) sounds in Alphabetic Akkadian are reversed from Hebrew, a fact which seems to be reflected in the Shibboleth story of Judges 12:6.
Comment
- The only word remaining in this line indicates the text is talking about magical emotional energy. Feelings are what was transmitted to the divine realm.
- Hu is the connective masculine life power who was represented by the sun. At a deeper level he represented the life network which transmitted life powers (fertility fluids) to the earth from the divine realm. Emotion owls are the mechanism in which emotion magic affects this life network (life-threads). This line is missing its verb so we do not know what sort of interaction is happening.
- The root cause of some drought are the feelings of envy in the population which is driving conflict. The target of this envy or anger is Yahu to when triggered by the fertility fluids reveals and manifests the invisible life-forms. A common epithet for Yahu is "Revealer." The "power of Yahu" is "Yahweh."
References
Daniel Vainstub, Madeleine Mumcuoglu, Michael G. Hasel, Katherine M. Hesler, Miriam Lavi, Rivka Rabinovich, Yuval Goren and Yosef Garfinkel (2022). A Canaanite’s Wish to Eradicate Lice on an Inscribed Ivory Comb from Lachish. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 2: 76–119. ISSN: 2788-8819; https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00002.4; https://jjar.huji.Also online at: https://www.academia.edu/88746893/Daniel_Vainstub_Madeleine_Mumcuoglu_Michael_G_Hasel_Katherine_M_Hesler_Miriam_Lavi_Rivka_Rabinovich_Yuval_Goren_and_Yosef_Garfinkel_A_Canaanites_Wish_to_Eradicate_Lice_on_an_Inscribed_Ivory_Comb_from_Lachish
During the Bronze Age Lachish was heavily influenced by Egyptian and Minoan culture based upon the type of archaeological artifacts found there. It seems to have had a temple devoted to Ayu which seems to have continued into the Israelite Iron Age.
Map from Holy Land Photos at: https://holylandphotos.org/browse.asp?s=1,2,6,27,463
Holy Land Photos is a great site for all sorts of archaeological photos of Israel.
Map from Holy Land Photos at: https://holylandphotos.org/browse.asp?s=1,2,6,27,463
Holy Land Photos is a great site for all sorts of archaeological photos of Israel.
Israelite Lachish
Israelite Lachish
(March 28, 2023) Among cities in ancient Judah, Lachish was second only to Jerusalem in importance. A principal Canaanite and, later, Israelite site, Lachish occupied a major tell (mound) 25 miles southwest of Jerusalem, nestled in the foothills of Judah (the region known as the Shephelah). The nearly rectangular tell extends over 18 acres on the summit. Nearby wells provide abundant water for drinking and vegetation.
Bronze Age Lachish (archaeological level VI) was destroyed around 1130 BCE and then abandoned for two centuries. In the tenth to ninth centuries BCE, Lachish was settled by Israelites (archaeological Level V). Little is known about Lachish at this time except that it was unfortified.
Lachish became a city again (Level IV) during the reign of King Asa (908–867 B.C.E.) or King Jehoshaphat (870–846 B.C.E.), It became a strongly fortified Judahite city with two massive city walls, one on the middle of the slope and the other along the top, with a glacis (an artificial, sloping rampart) in between intended to protect against undermining the city walls. The higher wall was constructed of mud brick and laid on a stone foundation. In this period a massive six-chamber gateway controlled entrance to the city. A large palace-fort on a raised platform was built in the center of the mound.
After the destruction due to the 5 year Elijah drought (845-840 BCE) a rebuilt city arose as evidence by archaeological layer III which was a densely populated city with a rebuilt and enlarged palace-fort, enclosure wall and city-gate complex. However, a turning point in the history of Judah came when King Hezekiah (715–687 B.C.E.) revolted against Assyrian hegemony. Hezekiah headed a coalition against Sennacherib (704–681 B.C.E.), the Assyrian king, but he could not withstand the superior forces of Assyria. Lachish and dozens of other towns in Judah (46, according to Sennacherib’s account) were destroyed by the Assyrian forces in 701 B.C.E. This was Sennacherib’s greatest military victory, which he portrayed on grand reliefs in his palace in Nineveh. With the destruction of Level III at Lachish, the palace-fort ceased to exist, and the platform on which it stood fell into disuse until a residency was built on it in Level I (Persian period).
References
King, P.J. (July/August 2005) Why Lachish Matters - A Major Site Gets the Publication It Deserves. Biblical Archaeology Review 31:4, Online at: https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/31/4/8References
Various Archaeological Reports on Lachish at Biblical Archaeology: https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/lachish/
Lake bottom Core sample data from the Sea of Galilee. In historical times it shows two major droughts with several minor ones. Minor droughts are indicated anytime the curves turn downward.
The 50 year long Great Drought of 1180 to 1140 BCE (Iron Age 1 period) is what ended the Bronze Age and the 5-year long Elijah drought of 845-840 BCE. The yellow gives the tree pollen level while the green gives the non-tree pollen level. (Langut and Finkelsein 2013)
The 50 year long Great Drought of 1180 to 1140 BCE (Iron Age 1 period) is what ended the Bronze Age and the 5-year long Elijah drought of 845-840 BCE. The yellow gives the tree pollen level while the green gives the non-tree pollen level. (Langut and Finkelsein 2013)
Droughts Defined the Archaeological Periods in the Levant
Droughts Defined the Archaeological Periods in the Levant
(May 3, 2023) Droughts separate the archaeological periods in the Levant. States weakened by local droughts were often subject to raids right after the droughts by Mesopotamian empires which were unaffected due to their irrigation. Below is the latest widely accepted chronology proposed by Amihai Mazar in 2014 shown below:
Droughts According to Drought Chart
Droughts According to Drought Chart
- 1180-1140 BCE - Great Drought
- 980 BCE
- 845-840 BCE - Elijah Drought
- 732 BCE - led to Assyrian invasion
- 605 BCE - led to Babylonian invasion
Diagnostic Letter Shapes For Dating
Diagnostic Letter Shapes For Dating
- 605 BCE - "A" has square peak. "L" has hooked appendage.
- 732 BCE - "A" has pointed peak. "L" has flat appendage.
References
Langut, D. Finkelsein, I, Litt, T. (2013) Climate and the Late Bronze Collapse: New Evidence from the Levant. Tel Aviv 40:149-175. Online at https://www.academia.edu/6053886/Climate_and_the_Late_Bronze_Collapse_New_Evidence_from_the_Southern_LevantReferences
Mazar, Amihai (2005) The Debate over the Chronology of the Iron Age in the Southern Levant: its History, the Current Situation and a Suggested Resolution. pp. 15-30 in: T. Levy and T. Higham (editors), The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating - Archaeology, Text and Science. London. Online at: https://www.academia.edu/2632501/The_Debate_over_the_Chronology_of_the_Iron_Age_in_the_Southern_Levant_its_History_the_Current_Situation_and_a_Suggested_Resolution_2005
This sealing was bought by the Rev. A.H. Gibson in 1945 from a resident of Qubeibeh village and alleged to have been found on nearby Tel Lachish. It is now at the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford England. Seal was made from pale carnelian, 24 x 18 x 10 mm
Problems with the Life Network of the Sun God Hu (732 BCE Drought)
Problems with the Life Network of the Sun God Hu (732 BCE Drought)
(March 18, 2023) The image shows an Egyptian Ankh sign representing life with a winged lion with a human head (Sphinx). Lions due to their golden color and power typically represented the sun. The sun god Hu represents the life network.
Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 60.37.1)
(Read right to left. Capital letters on sealing. Small letters are inferred Inner vowels. Verb is italic bold)Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 60.37.1)
- Lu Ḫu Nu E (Levant Text 60.37.1)
(Dual use letters are E/H, I/Y, U/W, and '/A in which vowel appears at beginning of words except for Yahu which is keeping its traditional Hebrew transliteration)
In English.
In English.
- Any-Lack of Hu is not from the Revealer
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Some Hebrew language scholars claim the text reads as follows:
- Belonging to Hanna
Reference
Avigad, Nahman; Sass, Benjamin (1997) Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. Published by THE ISRAEL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, THE ISRAEL EXPLORA TION SOCIETY, THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, asnd THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM. Online at: https://www.academia.edu/4786835/1997_Avigad_N_revised_and_completed_by_Sass_B_Corpus_of_West_Semitic_stamp_seals_Jerusalem Reference
Bought in Samaria in 1971. Last reported to be in the Y. Einhorn collection in Tel Aviv, Israel. Seal is made of spotted green stone, 15 x 11 x 5.5 mm.
Lack of Energy on Earth is Due To Fertility-Fluids of Life-Network Not Being Energized (605 BCE Drought)
Lack of Energy on Earth is Due To Fertility-Fluids of Life-Network Not Being Energized (605 BCE Drought)
(April 29, 2023) Image is of a falcon headed winged lion having a sun disk overhead and an Egyptian ankh sign in front. This is a representation of their sun god Ra/Horus who is equivalent to the Druid sun god Hu. (Ra originated in lower Egypt while Horus as a falcon originated in upper Egypt). The wings indicate he is a middle layer deity of the Ancient Pagan Paradigm. Hu represents the middle layer life network.
Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 60.116)
(Read right to left. Capital letters on seal. Small letters are inferred Inner vowels. Verb is italic bold)Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 60.116)
- Lu Gi Gu Ya Ḫu (Levant Text 60.116.1)
(Dual use letters are E/H, I/Y, U/W, and '/A in which vowel appears at beginning of words except for Yahu which is keeping its traditional Hebrew transliteration)
In English.
In English.
- Any-Lack of energy is not from energizing Hu
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Some Hebrew language scholars claim the text reads as follows:
- Belonging to ggy
References
Avigad, Nahman; Sass, Benjamin (1997) Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. Published by THE ISRAEL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, THE ISRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETY, THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, and THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM. Online at: https://www.academia.edu/4786835/1997_Avigad_N_revised_and_completed_by_Sass_B_Corpus_of_West_Semitic_stamp_seals_Jerusalem References
Seal from Lachish excavations done in 1935, Area 500, unstratified, find no. 4041; Jerusalem, lAA 36.1829.Seal is made from steatite being 21 x 17 x 8 mm.
Full Moon God Su is Interfering With Life Network (605 BCE Drought)
Full Moon God Su is Interfering With Life Network (605 BCE Drought)
(May 25, 2023) Image shows the full moon sending rays (influences) to a divine bird of some kind. According to the text this creature is an "attendant" which seems to be an epithet for the motion power owls which influence the flow of fertility-fluids through the network. To the right of the eagle-vulture is the Egyptian Ankh sign representing life.
Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 60.59)
(Read right to left. Capital letters on sealing. Small letters are inferred Inner vowels. Verb is italic bold)Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 60.59)
- Su Ku Šu (Levant Text 60.59.1)
- Lu AḪu Ku LaŠu (Levant Text 60.59.2)
(Dual use letters are E/H, I/Y, U/W, and '/A in which vowel appears at beginning of words except for Yahu which is keeping its traditional Hebrew transliteration)
In English.
In English.
- Su is getting involved with the same
- Any-Lack of Attendants (owls) is from involving influences
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Some Hebrew language scholars claim the text reads as follows:
- (son of) Samak
- Belonging to Ahimelek
Reference
Avigad, Nahman; Sass, Benjamin (1997) Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. Published by THE ISRAEL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, THE ISRAEL EXPLORA TION SOCIETY, THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, asnd THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM. Online at: https://www.academia.edu/4786835/1997_Avigad_N_revised_and_completed_by_Sass_B_Corpus_of_West_Semitic_stamp_seals_Jerusalem Reference
Handle Thickness: 1.60 - 2.10 centimeters, Width: 3.00 - 5.70 centimeters, Length: 3.40 centimeters
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Donated by Wellcome trust to the British Museum in 1956.
British Museum Registration number: 1956,0416.4. Other numbers: 132062, FN.5277
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1956-0416-4
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Donated by Wellcome trust to the British Museum in 1956.
British Museum Registration number: 1956,0416.4. Other numbers: 132062, FN.5277
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1956-0416-4
Storage/Transport Pot Handle with Stamp From at Lachish (Iron Age)
Storage/Transport Pot Handle with Stamp From at Lachish (Iron Age)
(April 12, 2023) Image is of a 4-winged eagle-vulture which edits the threads of the life network represented by the god Hu.
Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 61)
(Read right to left. Capital letters on sealing. Small letters are inferred Inner vowels. Verb is italic bold)Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 61)
- Lu [2 letters] Qu (Levant Text 61.1)
- Ḫu Bu ReWu (Levant Text 61.2)
(Dual use letters are E/H, I/Y, U/W, and '/A in which vowel appears at beginning of words except for Yahu which is keeping its traditional Hebrew transliteration)
In English.
In English.
- Any-Lack of [2 words] the threads
- Hu shepherds nourishments
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Some Hebrew language scholars claim the text reads as follows:
- lm[lk]
- hbrn
English
- (Belonging) to the king of
- Hebron
A stamp on a storage/transport pot. These letters were inked somewhere in the past..
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London.
British Museum Number: 1980,1214.4149
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-4149
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London.
British Museum Number: 1980,1214.4149
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-4149
Storage/Transport Pot Stamp From Lachish (605 BCE Drought)
Storage/Transport Pot Stamp From Lachish (605 BCE Drought)
(April 12, 2023) Image is of a 4-winged eagle-vulture with a snake body which edits the links of the life network represented by the god Hu.
Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 62)
(Read right to left. Capital letters on sealing. Small letters are inferred Inner vowels. Verb is italic bold)Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 62)
- Lu [3 letters]
- ZaGu Gu Ya [E]Su (Levant 62.2) Horizontal lines of "E" mostly rubbed out
(Dual use letters are E/H, I/Y, U/W, and '/A in which vowel appears at beginning of words except for Yahu which is keeping its traditional Hebrew transliteration)
In English.
In English.
- Any-Lack [3 words]
- Temple is not energizing the filtrate (fertility-fluids)
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Some Hebrew language scholars claim the text reads as follows with some imagined top line:
- lsm[k]
- spnyhw
English
- (Belonging) to Samki (son of)
- Sefanyahu
Lachish Letter 1. Thickness: 0.50 - 0.80 centimeters, Length: 10.50 centimeters, Width: 8.40 centimeters. On loan to British Museum from Wellcome Trustees since 1937. Donated to Museum in 1959. Red letter assignments by Olmsted.
Museum registration number: 1959,0711.1. Other numbers: 125701, FN.4022
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-1
Museum registration number: 1959,0711.1. Other numbers: 125701, FN.4022
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-1
Lachish Letter 1 (732 or 605 BCE Drought)
Lachish Letter 1 (732 or 605 BCE Drought)
(April 14, 2023) The Lachish 1 text fragment seems to be blaming life priests for not preventing chaos in the life powers. This chaos is causing a drought.
The Lachish Letters are 21 inscribed ceramic sherds (or ostraca) which were discovered during the British Mandate Period excavations of Tell ed-Duweir (Lachish). Only some of these are in good enough condition to be read. While the Lachish Letters have been regarded as a homogenous group of documents written during the final decades of the Judahite kingdom many were actually discovered in different stratigraphic contexts.
Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 55)
(Read right to left. Capital letters on sealing. Small letters are inferred Inner vowels. Verb is italic bold)Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 55)
- ... R KaRu Ya Ḫu BaNu. EMu Lu Ya [2] (too fragmentary, too uncertain)
- ... Ya A. [Ma]Nu Du Ḫu Bu. Nu ṬaBu [2] (too fragmentary, too uncertain)
- ... D ABu. Bu Nu Ya A. MaNu BaḪu. (Levant Text 55.3)
- ... BiBu ṬaḪu Ya. Ḫu Bu Ku Ya Du. (Levant Text 55.4)
- ... K AN Ya ḪiYa. NuNu Du ZaḪu. (Levant Text 55.5)
(Dual use letters are E/H, I/Y, U/W, and '/A in which vowel appears at beginning of words except for Yahu which is keeping its traditional Hebrew transliteration)
In English
In English
- ..? is not reducing Hu's goodness. The Supervisors (Ayu) is not lacking [word]
- ... not by them. [Life]-support is being manifested by Hu's nourishments. The Revealer is drowning in [word]
- ...? life-priests. Nourishments are not being revealed by them. Life-support is being made thin.
- ... The Gatekeepers (eagle-vultures) are not coming near. Hu's nourishments are not getting involved in the life-manifestations.
- ...? are not considering respect. Chaos is being manifested by the baking (the drought).
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Some Hebrew language scholars claim the text reads as follows. I think even the average reader can see what utter nonsense this is (In Zammit 2016):
- gmryhw . bnhṣlyhw Gemaryāhû son of Hiṣṣilyāhû
- y’znyhw . bnṭbšlm Ya’azanyāhû son of Ṭobšalom
- ḥgb . bn . y’znyhw Ḥagab son of Ya’azanyāhû
- mbṭḥyhwbnyrmyhw Mibṭaḥyāhû son of Yirmeyāhû
- mtnyhw . bn . nryhw Mattanyāhû son of Neriyāhû
References
References
Zammit, Abigail (2016) The Lachish letters: a reappraisal of the Ostraca discovered in 1935 and 1938 at Tell ed-Duweir - Volume 1. Thesis online at: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:db71cf81-ba6c-4a91-8e51-3c694993ebfe
Zammit, Abigail (2016) The Lachish letters: a reappraisal of the Ostraca discovered in 1935 and 1938 at Tell ed-Duweir - Volume 2. Thesis online at: (This paper provides copies of the letters)https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:db71cf81-ba6c-4a91-8e51-3c694993ebfe/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=Zammit_THESIS_Volume%2B2_2016_EDITED.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis
Lachish Ostracon Letter 1 - Iron Age
Lachish Ostracon Letter 1 - Iron Age
View of Lachish Letter Number 1
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-1
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-1
Lachish Ostracon Letter 1 - Iron Age
Lachish Ostracon Letter 1 - Iron Age
View of Lachish Letter Number 1
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-1
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-1
Lachish Ostracon Letter 1 - Iron Age
Lachish Ostracon Letter 1 - Iron Age
View of Lachish Letter Number 1
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-1
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-1
This shard was shaped to look like an official stela after the text was written. The right side is mostly completed but the work was interrupted leaving the left side unfinished.
Shard on loan to British Museum from Wellcome Trustees since 1937. Donated to Museum in 1959. Length: 9 centimeters, Thickness: 0.40 centimeters, Width: 9.90 centimeters.
Museum registration number: 1959,0711.2. Other numbers: 125702, FN.4023. Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-2
Shard on loan to British Museum from Wellcome Trustees since 1937. Donated to Museum in 1959. Length: 9 centimeters, Thickness: 0.40 centimeters, Width: 9.90 centimeters.
Museum registration number: 1959,0711.2. Other numbers: 125702, FN.4023. Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1959-0711-2
Lachish Letter 2 (605 BCE Drought)
Lachish Letter 2 (605 BCE Drought)
(April 14, 2023) The Lachish letter 2 text fragment seems
The Lachish Letters are 21 inscribed ceramic sherds (or ostraca) which were discovered during the British Mandate Period excavations of Tell ed-Duweir (Lachish). Only some of these are in good enough condition to be read. While the Lachish Letters have been regarded as a homogenous group of documents written during the final decades of the Judahite kingdom many were actually discovered in different stratigraphic contexts.
Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 56)
(Read right to left. Capital letters on sealing. Small letters are inferred Inner vowels. Verb is italic bold)Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 56)
- ALu ADu Du. YaYa AQu Ṣu. IṢu KaKku ... (Levant Text 56.1)
- YaHu Qu E. A Tu AYu. ...... (Levant Text 56.2)
- Ka'u TaWu Ya. Ka' u TaKku Ya. KaKku Y .. (Levant Text 56.3)
- Pu PaLu Bu. Pu INu PaDu ADu. M .... (Levant Text 56.4)
- Bu Du E. YaBu A Du Ya E. Qu E A[B] A (Levant Text 56.5) A is reversed
- ReDu Zu Du. AṢu Ru Lu. AYu DaṢu E (Levant Text 56.6)
(Dual use letters are E/H, I/Y, U/W, and '/A in which vowel appears at beginning of words except for Yahu which is keeping its traditional Hebrew transliteration)
In English
In English
- Alu is observing the life-manifestations. Pain is activated by expectations. Scarcity weapons ...
- YaHu does not bring life-threads. Those are being magic-crafted by Ayu. ...
- The prodder (Su) is not being put to pasture. The prodder is not being disciplined. Scarcity [2 words].
- Openings are being ruled by nourishments (from life-priests). Openings for the Moon-Eye (Su) are being bred by the Observer (Alu)
- Nourishments (from priests) are manifesting nothing. Enemies of those do not manifest anything. Threads are not being brought by those life-priests.
- The Driving (of fertility fluids) is emanating the manifestations. The expulsions lack eagle-vultures. Ayu does not bring disrespect.
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Some Hebrew language scholars claim the text reads as follows (in Zammit 2016, page 100):
- ’l’dny . y’wšyšm‘ To my lord Yā’ûš. May
- yhwh’t’dny . šm‘tšl YHWH let my lord hear tiding(s) of peac
- m . ‘t . kym . ‘t . kymmy .‘bd e today, this very day! Who is your servant
- kklb . ky . zkr . ’dny . ’t . (but) a dog, that my lord remembered
- [‘]bdh . ybkr . yhwh’t’ his [se]rvant? May YHWH promptly bring (to) my
- . [dn]y . dbr . ’šr . l’ . yd‘th l[or]d information which which you (or I) do not know!
References
References
Zammit, Abigail (2016) The Lachish letters: a reappraisal of the Ostraca discovered in 1935 and 1938 at Tell ed-Duweir - Volume 1. Thesis online at: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:db71cf81-ba6c-4a91-8e51-3c694993ebfe
Zammit, Abigail (2016) The Lachish letters: a reappraisal of the Ostraca discovered in 1935 and 1938 at Tell ed-Duweir - Volume 2. Thesis online at: (This paper provides copies of the letters)https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:db71cf81-ba6c-4a91-8e51-3c694993ebfe/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=Zammit_THESIS_Volume%2B2_2016_EDITED.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis
Black and white photo. Thickness: Thickness: 7 - 11 millimeters. Length: Length: 89 millimeters, Width: Width: 49 millimeters (maximum)
Ayu (Egyptian Hathor) Holding Unidentified Flowers Excavated at Lachish, Israel ~1400 BCE
Ayu (Egyptian Hathor) Holding Unidentified Flowers Excavated at Lachish, Israel ~1400 BCE
This token shows Ayu in the Egyptian style holding up two flowers. As a connective life goddess Ayu was often associated with bees, flowers, pollen, and honey because bees also transported fertility.
This token was made in a mold indicating it was mass produced for temple use. The object has a reddish slip with buff brown fired grits on its surfaces. Its back is flat.
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London. British Museum Registration number: 1980,1214.2266. Original number: FN.6990
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-2266
Druid Style Ayu Goddess Figurine Found at Lachish, Israel
Druid Style Ayu Goddess Figurine Found at Lachish, Israel
Figurine has reddish slip with some grits. Red was the color of life. Found in Lachish layer III dating to the Iron Age.
Diameter: 5.30 - 5.60 centimeters (base), Height: 14.50 centimeters, Width: 7.30 centimeters (maximum)
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London. British Museum Registration number: 1980,1214.16710. Original number: FN.0333.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-16710
Diameter: 5.30 - 5.60 centimeters (base), Height: 14.50 centimeters, Width: 7.30 centimeters (maximum)
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London. British Museum Registration number: 1980,1214.16710. Original number: FN.0333.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-16710
Minoan Style Pot Found at Lachish, Israel ~1400 BCE
Minoan Style Pot Found at Lachish, Israel ~1400 BCE
Krater shaped pot has red and black painted decoration including panels with bird and fish motifs.
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London. British Museum Registration number: 1980,1214.12041. Other numbers: 160152, FN.1610.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-12041
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London. British Museum Registration number: 1980,1214.12041. Other numbers: 160152, FN.1610.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-12041
Temple Trivet From Lachish, Israel ~ 1400 BCE
Temple Trivet From Lachish, Israel ~ 1400 BCE
This is too big for an amulet so it is a small trivet just the right size to hold an incense burner. Thickness: 0.90 - 1 centimeter, Length: 8.70 centimeters, Width: 12.80 centimeters (maximum).
It shows wear and indentations where the 4 legs of the incense burner would be. Traces of three red painted signs which might be proto Canaanite letters are on the underside (no photo exists!)
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London. British Museum Registration number: 1980,1214.12038. Other numbers: 160178, FN.4467.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-12038
It shows wear and indentations where the 4 legs of the incense burner would be. Traces of three red painted signs which might be proto Canaanite letters are on the underside (no photo exists!)
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London. British Museum Registration number: 1980,1214.12038. Other numbers: 160178, FN.4467.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-12038
Early Cuneiform Cylinder from Lachish ~1,900 BCE
Early Cuneiform Cylinder from Lachish ~1,900 BCE
Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Purchased by British Museum in 1980 from Institute of Archaeology in London.
It's description and dimensions on the British Museum website do not match the picture.
British Museum Registration number: 1980,1214.5718.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-5718
It's description and dimensions on the British Museum website do not match the picture.
British Museum Registration number: 1980,1214.5718.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1980-1214-5718
A stamp on a storage/transport pot. Object was excavated by: J L Starkey during the Wellcome-Marston expedition of 1932-1938. Donated by Wellcome trust to the British Museum in 1956.
British Museum Registration number: 1956,0416.21. Other numbers: 132079.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1956-0416-21
British Museum Registration number: 1956,0416.21. Other numbers: 132079.
Online at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1956-0416-21
Storage/Transport Pot Stamp From Lachish
Storage/Transport Pot Stamp From Lachish
(April 12, 2023) Stamp is on a large pot handle. Image is of a fairly abstract 4-winged eagle-vulture which edits the links of the life network represented by the god Hu. The text is stating that the motion power of moving fertility fluids through the life channels (threads) of the network do not open passages through the sky-shell for rain. That is the function of the eagle-vultures who edit the connection of the life-network.
Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 63)
(Read right to left. Capital letters on sealing. Small letters are inferred Inner vowels. Verb is italic bold)Translation in Akkadian (Levant Text 63)
- Lu Ku [2 letters] (Levant 63.1)
- Ṣi Qu Pu E (Levant 63.2)
(Dual use letters are E/H, I/Y, U/W, and '/A in which vowel appears at beginning of words except for Yahu which is keeping its traditional Hebrew transliteration)
In English.
In English.
- Lack is involving [word]
- The activity of threads does not bring openings
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Previous Hebrew Translation Attempt
Some Hebrew language scholars claim the text reads as follows with some imagined top line:
- lsm[k]
Page updated
Google Sites
Report abuse