Valid but False Jesus Teachings

Christian cross at sunset
Validity = Q (0.4) + Mark (0.39) + Thomas (0.23) = 1.02
Mark (70 CE)
(Mark 8:34-35, NIV) Then he called the crowd to him along with his disciples and said: “ Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save their life (or soul) will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me and for the gospel will save it. ​Matthew (80 CE)
(Matthew 16: 24-26, NIV) [From Mark] Then Jesus said to his disciples, “ Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save their life (or soul) will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me will find it. What good will it be for someone to gain the whole world, yet forfeit their soul?
(Matthew 10:37-39, NIV) [From Q] “Anyone who loves their father or mother more than me is not worthy of me; anyone who loves their son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Whoever does not take up their cross and follow me is not worthy of me.  Whoever finds their life will lose it, and whoever loses their life for my sake will find it. ​
Luke (80 CE)
(Luke 9:23-25, NIV) [From Mark] Then he said to them all: “ Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross daily and follow me. For whoever wants to save their life will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me will save it. What good is it for someone to gain the whole world, and yet lose or forfeit their very self?
(Luke 14:26-27, NIV) [From Q] “If anyone comes to me and does not hate father and mother, wife and children, brothers and sisters—yes, even their own life—such a person cannot be my disciple. And whoever does not carry their cross and follow me cannot be my disciple. ​
Thomas (90 CE)
(Thomas 55) Jesus said, "Whoever does not hate father and mother cannot be my disciple, and whoever does not hate brothers and sisters, and carry the cross as I do, will not be worthy of me."

Valid but False Teaching "Whoever wants to be my Disciple must Take Up the Cross"

(July 9, 2022) This historical signal extraction methodology is only able to determine if a claimed Jesus teaching goes back to the time of Jesus within plus or minus 3 years. A teaching that goes back to the time of Jesus by being valid is assumed to be true if it can't be falsified by any other means. 

This teaching is false because it does not have audience relevance. Jesus could not have said this because it would have meant nothing to his audience. Jesus had not yet been crucified. Therefore, it seems to have been used as a comfort saying by the early followers of Jesus during the  persecution right after the death of Jesus.

Because this false teaching is so well dated and because it is so well attested, it was used to define the shape of the source weight curve which defines the validity levels for each of the sources. Consequently, the sources which have this teaching were weighted so that they add up to (almost) one.

 This valid but false teaching describes an early Christian persecution which seems to have occurred after Pentecost 50 days after the death of Jesus. This time of persecution is attested in Paul's letters:

(Galatians 1:13-14, NIV, Paul speaking) 13 For you have heard of my previous way of life in Judaism, how intensely I persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it. 14 I was advancing in Judaism beyond many of my own age among my people and was extremely zealous for the traditions of my fathers.

The context which Mark wraps around this theme shows that a severe persecution had been experienced by his community. This is evidenced by the statement that one who wants to save their eternal life must lose their physical life. In contrast, the persecution in Q and Thomas is less severe leading only to the psychological rejection response (you hate and reject me therefore I hate and reject you.)

The Q source of this teaching is the negative of the Mark source as indicated by its use of the English double negative “not” and “not worthy of me”. Thomas is similar to Q.

References

Miller, R.J. (1994) “Scholars Version translation of the Gospel of Thomas” in The Complete Gospels: Annotated Scholars Version. (Copyright 1992, Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge Press)  
Paul persecuted Christians
Validity = Q (0.4) + Thomas (0.23) + Thomas (0.23) = 0.86 (exceeds the 75% threshold but is false due to a lack of audience relevance)
 Matthew (80 CE)
( Matthew 5:10-12, NIV) [from Q] 10 Blessed are those who are persecuted (dioko) because of righteousness (dikaiosune), for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 11 “Blessed are you when people insult you, persecute (dioko) you and falsely say all kinds of evil against you because of me. 12 Rejoice and be glad, because great is your reward in heaven, for in the same way they persecuted the prophets who were before you.​
Luke (80 CE)
(Luke 6:22-23, NIV) [from Q]  Blessed are you when people hate you, when they exclude you and insult you and reject your name as evil, because of the Son of Man. 23 “Rejoice in that day and leap for joy, because great is your reward in heaven. For that is how their ancestors treated the prophets.​
Thomas (90 CE)
(Thomas 69) Jesus said, " Congratulations to those who have been persecuted in their hearts: they are the ones who have truly come to know the Father. Congratulations to those who go hungry, so the stomach of the one in want may be filled." (Miller 1994)
(Thomas 68) Jesus said, " Congratulations to you when you are hated and persecuted; and no place will be found, wherever you have been persecuted." (Miller 1994)

Jesus False but Valid Teaching 2  (86% confidence level) -  "Blessed Are Those who are Pursued"

(July 9, 2022) This is another comfort saying for the early followers of Jesus which arose during their persecution right after the death of Jesus. Again, Jesus would have had no need to teach this issue prior to his death so this teaching is false because it has no audience relevance.

The Greek word translated as "persecution" is dioko. Yet it is also translated as “followed.” Multiple word assignments in translations leads to biased translations so a more objective word assignment to use which covers all this words uses would be "pursued." Some examples of its use where it is translated as “followed” are: “followed after righteousness” (Romans 9:30-31), “follow after charity” (1 Corinthians 14:1). “press towards the mark” (Philippians 3:14), “follow that which is good” (1 Timothy 5:15).

Even the Christian biased Strong’s Greek Lexicon says this:

1377. dioko dee-o'-ko a prolonged (and causative) form of a primary verb dio (to flee; compare the base of 1169 and 1249); to pursue (literally or figuratively); by implication, to persecute:--ensue, follow (after), given to, (suffer) persecute(-ion), press forward.​

Jewish officials seem to have given license by the Romans shortly after they executed Jesus to hunt down the followers of Jesus and bring them to the attention of Roman authorities. Paul, as Saul the Pharisee, admitted to actively pursuing the followers of Jesus (Galatians 1:13). Interestingly he did not go after James, the brother of Jesus, and his followers who had settled in Jerusalem (Galatians 1:18-20) probably because they initially did not claim that Jesus was the messiah. This Jewish persecution of those who claimed Jesus as messiah, continued throughout the lifetime of Paul:

(1 Thessalonians 3:4) In fact, when we were with you, we kept telling you that we would be persecuted. And it turned out that way, as you well know.

Thomas 69 shows that the “blessing” oral tradition initiated by this teaching continued to be developed with Thomas adding another blessing (blessed are the hungry) to the original. This trend reached its apex in Matthew and Luke which have several related blessings that came to be known as the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1-12) and the Beatitudes (Luke 6:20-26).

Short term desires versus long term goals
Validity = Mark (0.39) + Matthew (0.3) + Luke (0.3) + John (0.23) = 1.22
Mark (70 CE)
(Mark 8:34-35, NIV) 34 Then he called the crowd to him along with his disciples and said: “Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me. 35 For whoever wants to save their life will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me and for the gospel will save it.
Matthew (80 CE)
(Matthew 10:37-39, NIV) [From Mark] 37 “Anyone who loves their father or mother more than me is not worthy of me; anyone who loves their son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. 38 Whoever does not take up their cross and follow me is not worthy of me. 39 Whoever finds their life will lose it, and whoever loses their life for my sake will find it.
(Matthew 16:24-26, NIV) 24 Then Jesus said to his disciples, “Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me. 25 For whoever wants to save their life will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me will find it. 26 What good will it be for someone to gain the whole world, yet forfeit their soul? Or what can anyone give in exchange for their soul?
Luke (80 CE)
(Luke 9:23-25, NIV) [From Mark] 23 Then he said to them all: “Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross daily and follow me. 24 For whoever wants to save their life will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me will save it. 25 What good is it for someone to gain the whole world, and yet lose or forfeit their very self?
(Luke 17:30-34, NIV) 30 “It will be just like this on the day the Son of Man is revealed. 31 On that day no one who is on the housetop, with possessions inside, should go down to get them. Likewise, no one in the field should go back for anything. 32 Remember Lot’s wife! 33 Whoever tries to keep their life will lose it, and whoever loses their life will preserve it. 34 I tell you, on that night two people will be in one bed; one will be taken and the other left.
John (80 CE)
(John 12:23-26, NIV) 23 Jesus replied, “The hour has come for the Son of Man to be glorified. 24 Very truly I tell you, unless a kernel of wheat falls to the ground and dies, it remains only a single seed. But if it dies, it produces many seeds. 25 Anyone who loves their life will lose it, while anyone who hates their life in this world will keep it for eternal life. 26 Whoever serves me must follow me; and where I am, my servant also will be. My Father will honor the one who serves me.

Jesus False but Valid Teaching 3 -  "Those who Save their Life will Lose it and those who Lose their Life will Save it

(July 9, 2022) Once again this teaching is false because it lacks audience relevance. It originated during the persecution which occurred shortly after Jesus was killed. Its theme is that of comparing short term rewards to long term rewards.

 This teaching is unique in that it is an early developing theme which is not found in the Q source yet both Matthew and Luke have independent versions as indicated by their different wording and wrapping contexts. Both Mark and Matthew couple this false teaching with the other false teaching of “take up the cross.”

No marriage in heaven
Validity = Corinthians (0.55) + Mark (0.39) + Q (0.4) = 1.34
1 Corinthians (56 CE)
(1 Corinthians 10-11) To the married I give this command (not I, but the Lord): A wife must not separate from her husband.  But if she does, she must remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband. And a husband must not divorce his wife.
 Mark (70 CE)
(Mark 10:8-12, NIV) 8 and the two will become one flesh.’ So they are no longer two, but one flesh. 9 Therefore what God has joined together, let no one separate.” 10 When they were in the house again, the disciples asked Jesus about this. 11 He answered, “ Anyone who divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her. 12 And if she divorces her husband and marries another man, she commits adultery. ”
Matthew (80 CE)
(Matthew 19:6-9) [From Mark] and the two will become one flesh’? 6 So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let no one separate.” 7 “Why then,” they asked, “did Moses command that a man give his wife a certificate of divorce and send her away?” 8 Jesus replied, “Moses permitted you to divorce your wives because your hearts were hard. But it was not this way from the beginning. 9 I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for sexual immorality, and marries another woman commits adultery. ”
(Matthew 5:31-32, NIV) [From Q] 31 “It has been said, ‘Anyone who divorces his wife must give her a certificate of divorce.’ 32 But I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for sexual immorality, makes her the victim of adultery, and anyone who marries a divorced woman commits adultery.
Luke (80 CE)
(Luke 16:18, NIV) [From Q] “ Anyone who divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery, and the man who marries a divorced woman commits adultery.

Jesus False but Valid Teaching 4 - "Anyone who remarries after divorce commits adultery"

(July 9, 2022) This valid teaching has Jesus supporting an apocalyptic viewpoint which contradicts all his other teachings. So it is false due to a lack of coherence.

This teaching is primarily about what happens at the end times for people who have remarried. If the saved all rise from the dead then who will be their marriage partners? The earliest attempt to answer this question was to avoid it and just prohibit any remarriage since the apocalypse was supposed to occur within a generation.

Mark states people should not divorce and remarry because they have become one flesh. Matthew restates this and actually adds a dualist gnostic explanation stating in verse 8 that the united flesh was how it was at the beginning before the material world split off.

Later, when the expected apocalypse did not happen, Mark provided the only logical explanation within that end times paradigm which was that no marriages will exist after the apocalypse. This answer was copied by Matthew and Luke:

(Mark 12:24-25, NIV) Jesus replied, “Are you not in error because you do not know the Scriptures or the power of God? 25 When the dead rise, they will neither marry nor be given in marriage; they will be like the angels in heaven.
(Matthew 22:30, NIV) At the resurrection people will neither marry nor be given in marriage; they will be like the angels in heaven.
(Luke 20:34-36, NIV) Jesus replied, “The people of this age marry and are given in marriage. 35 But those who are considered worthy of taking part in the age to come and in the resurrection from the dead will neither marry nor be given in marriage, 36 and they can no longer die; for they are like the angels. They are God’s children, since they are children of the resurrection.